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) [6 ?4 x: @9 ], S+ H& gFor centuries travelers to China have told tales of magical landscapes and surprising creature. Chinese civilization is the world’s oldest and today the largest with well over a billion people. It’s home to more than 50 distinct ethnic groups and wide range of traditional life styles of the close partnership with the nature. We know that China faces immense social and environmental problems, but there is great beauty here too. China is home to the world's highest mountains, vast deserts ranging from searing hot to mind-numbing cold, steaming forests harboring rare creatures, grassy planes beneath vast , and rich tropical seas. Now for the first time ever we can explore the whole of this great country, exam the surprising and exotic creatures inhabit here, and consider the relationship of the people and the wild life of China to the remarkable landscape which they live. This is wild China.$ H1 B6 W2 V! n
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Our exploration of China begins in the warm subtropical South. On the Li River fish men and birds perch on bamboo rafts. The partnership goes back thousands of years. This scenery is known throughout the world, a recurring motive in Chinese paintings and the major tourist's attraction. The South of China is a vast area, eight times larger than the UK. It's a landscape of hills and also of water. It rains here for up to 250 days of a year and standing water is everywhere. In the flood plane of Yang’s River, black-tailed godwits plough the mud, search for the worms. But it isn't only the wild lives that thrive in this environment, the spongy land provides the ideal conditions for the remarkable member of grass family - rice. The Chinese have been cultivating rice for at least 8 thousand years. It has transformed the landscape. Late winter in southern Yunnan is a busy time for local farmers as they prepare the age-old paddy fields ready for the coming spring. The hill slips of Yuan yang county plunge 2000 meters to the floor of the Red River valley, each contains literally thousands of stack terresis carved by hand using basic digging tools. Yunnan's rise terresis are among the oldest human structures in China, still ploughed as they always have been by domesticated water buffalos whose ancestor originated in this very valley.
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This man made landscape is one of the most amazing engineering fit of pre-industry China. It seems as each square inch of land is has impressed in cultivation. As evening approaches an age-old ritual unfolds. It's the mating season, and the male paddy frogs are competing the attention of the females. But it doesn't always pay to draw too much attention to yourself. The Chinese Pond-Heron is a predator. Even in the middle of ploughed paddy field nature is read in beak and claw. This may look like a slaughter, but each heron can swallow only one frog at a time, the rest majority will escape to croak another day. Y6 c: E- N# t6 T) D, L
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Terries paddies like those of the Yuan yang county are found cross much in southern China, the whole vast landscape is dominated by rice cultivation. In heated Gui zhou Province the Miao minority has developed a remarkable rice culture. With every inch of fertile land given over to rice cultivation, the Miao build their wooden houses on the steepest and least productive hill sides. In Chinese life everything has a use. Dried in the sun many often cow shits would be used as cooking fuel. It’s midday and the Song family are tucking in lunch of rice and vegetables. ******* the domestic chitchat, granddad Suyang Song has serious matters on his mind. Spring is the start of the rice growing season, the success of the crop determine how well the family will eat next year, so planting at the right time is critical. The ideal day depends on what the weather will do this year which is never easy to predict. But that is some surprising help at hand. On the ceiling of the Song’s living room a pair of red-round swallows new-year arrived from their winter migration is busy fixing up the last nest. In China animals are just valued for their symbolic meaning as for any good they may do. Miao people believe that swallow pair remain faithful for life, so their presence is favor and blessing, bringing happiness to marriage and good luck to a home. Like most Miao dwelling the Song’s living room windows look out over the paddy fields. From earliest spring one of the windows is left open to let the swallows come and go freely. Each year granddad Gu knows the exact day this swallows return. Miao people believe the birds’ arrival predicts the time of season ahead, this year they were late, so Gu and the other community eldest have agreed that rice planting should be delayed accordingly. As Miao prepare their fields for planting, the swallows collect mud to repair their nests and chase after insects cross the newly ploughed planes. Finally, after weeks’ preparation, the ordain time for planting has arrived. But first the seedlings must be uprooted from the nursery beds and bounded up ready to be transported to their new paddy high up the hill side. All the Song’s neighbors have turned up to help the transplant. It’s how the community has always worked, when the time comes, the Song’s will return the favor. While the farmers are busy in fields, the swallows fly back fulls with materials for their nests. Many hands make light work, *** the new paddy takes little more than an hour. Job done, the villagers can relax, at least, till tomorrow. But for the nesting swallows, the work of raising a family has only just begun.
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0 L' |! ^4 E+ D! g/ d* o- w" XIn the newly planted fields, little egrets hunt for food. The rice paddy harbor fish, tadpoles, and insects. And egrets have chicks to feed. This colony in Chongqing Province is established in 1996, when a few dozen birds build their nests in the bamboo *** behind Yang guang village. Their living *** a sign of luck, local people initially protect the egrets and the colony group. But their attitude change when the head of village found ill. They blame the birds and all set to destroy their nests, but the local government step tend to protect them. Banded bamboo may not be the safest nesting place, but at least this youngster will not end up as someone’s dinner. These chicks have just had a meal delivered by their mum, quite a challenge for little chicks. Providing their colonies are protected, *** birds like egrets are among the few creature which are benefited directly from the intense rice cultivation. Growing rice needs lots of water, but even in the rainy south there are landscapes where water is surprisingly scarce. % A- u7 L- }- j5 _% n
: W, ^0 [( Q6 m% h. Y4 q; UThis vast area of southwest of China, the size of France and Spain combined, is famous for its clusters of conic hills, by giant *** *** *** , separated by dry, empty valleys. This is the karst, a lime stone terrain which has become the defining image of southern China. Karst landscapes are often started with rocky out, forcing local farmers to cultivate tiny fields. The people who live here are among the poorest in China. In neighboring Yunnan Province, lime stone rocks have taken over entirely. This is the famous stone forest, the product of countless years of erosion, producing a maze of ******. Lime stone has a strange property that it dissolves in rain water. Over many thousands of years water has corraded its way deep into the heart of the bedrock itself. This natural wonder is a famous tourist spot, receiving close to 2 million visitors each year. The Chinese are fond of curiously shaped rocks, and many have been given fanciful names, no prizes for guessing what this one is called. But there’s more to the landscape than meets the eye, China has literally thousands of mysterious caverns concealed beneath the visible landscape of karst. Much of the hidden world has not been seen by human eyes, and it has just now been explored. For the growing band of intrapped young Chinese explorers, caves represent the ultimate venture. Exploring a cave is like taking a journey through time, a journey with endless raindrops which have followed over countless centuries. Fed by countless drips and trickles, the subterranean river carves ever deeper into the rock. The cave river’s core is channeled by the bed of lime stone. The weak in the rock can allow the river to increase its gradient to flow away, proving a real challenge for the cave explorers. The downward rush’s halted when the water table is reached. Here the slow flowing river carves tunnels with a more rounded profile. This tranquil world is home to specialize cave fishes, like the eyeless golden barb. China may have more unique kinds of cave evolve fishes than anywhere on earth. Above the water table ancient cavern abandoned by the river slowly fill up with stalactites and stalagmites. Stalactites form as trickling water deposit tiny quantities of rock over hundreds or thousands of years. Stalagmites grow up while lime laid drips hit the cape floor. So far only a fresh of China’s caves have been thoroughly prospected, and caves are constantly discovering new subterranean marvels, which are subsequently developed into commercial show-caves. Finally escaping the darkness, the cave river and the human explorers emerge in a valley far from where their journey began. For now the adventure is over.
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**** issue from caves are the key to survive in the karst country. This vertical gorge in Guizhou Province is a focal point for the region’s wild life. This is one of the world’s rarest primates – Francois langur. In China they survive in just two southern provinces - Guizhou and Guangxi – always in lime stone terrains. Like most monkeys they are social creatures and spend a great deal of time grooming each other. Langurs are essentially vegetarian with a diet of buds, fruits and *** young leaves. Babies are born with ginger fur which gradually turns black from tail end. Young infant have *** like a grip, used to cling on mum for dear life. As they get older they get bolder and take more risks. Those are survives spend a lot of time travelling. The experienced *** knows exactly where to find seasonal foods in different part of their range. In such steep terrain travel involves a high level of climbing skill. These monkeys are spectacularly good rock climber from the time they learn to walk. In langur society female rule the roost and take lead when the family is on move. One section of cliff who’s a trickle of ***** rich water which the monkeys seem to find irresistible. These days there’re few predators in the Mayanghe researve which might pose a risk to a baby monkey. But in past centuries this part in south China is home to leopards, pythons and even tigers. To survive dangerous night *** the langurs went on the ground, using their rock climbing skills to seek shelter in inaccessible caverns. Film did near darkness using a night vision camera. The troop climbs along a familiar *** , worn smooth by generation before them. During cold winter weather the monkeys venture deep on the ground where the air stays comparatively warm. At last journey’s end. The cozy niches beyond the reach of even the most enterprising predator. But it’s not just monkeys that find shelter in caves. These children are off to school. In *** China that may mean a long track each morning, passing through a cavern tour on the way. But not all pupil have to walk to school, these children are boarders. As day-pupils are near journey’s end, the boarders are still making breakfast. In school yard someone seems to have switched the lights off. But this is no ordinary play ground and no ordinary school. It’s a house inside a cave. A natural ***of rock keeps out the rain, so there’s no need for roof on the classroom. Zhongdong cave school is made up of 6 classes with a total of 200 children. As well as the school the cave houses 18 families together with their life ***. This could be the only cave to *** cows on the Earth. With school work over it’s play time at last. In southern China caves aren’t just used for shelter, they can be a source of *** for the community. People have been visiting this cave for generations, the cave floor is covered in guano, so plentiful that 10 minutes work can fill this farmer’s basket. It’s used as a valuable source of fertilizer. A clue to the source of the guano can be heard above the noise in the river. The sound originates high up in the roof of the cave. The entrance is full of swifts. They are very sociable birds, more than 200 thousand of them share this cave in southern Guizhou Province, the biggest swifts colony in China. These days Chinese house swifts mostly nest in roofs of buildings, but rock crevices like these were their original home, long before houses are really mended. Though the swifts depend on the cave for shelter, they never stray further than the limit of day light as their eyes can’t see in dark. 3 T+ j! o+ M/ m
6 o. J* b( c7 G) P3 L* jHowever deep inside the cavern other creatures are better equipped for subterranean life. The colony of bats are just waking up, using ultrasonic squeaks to orientate themselves in the darkness. |
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发表于 2008-7-20 15:38
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