湖北的青铜时代，是王者

多客科技

作者：湖北文旅

当石家河文化正在营造自己的文明时，中原夏商文化不断南下，逐步取代了它，并将其文化分布区纳入到商王朝的版图。从此，长江和黄河的古文化逐步走向融合，共同缔造夏商文明。盘龙城就是这一时期江汉地区文明国家的缩影。

While the Shijiahe culture was building its own civilisation, the Xia and Shang culture continued to move southward from the Central Plains.Little by little,the Shijiahe culture was replaced and incorporated into the territory of the Shang dynasty. Ever since then, the ancient cultures of the Yangtze and the Yellow River began to be merged with Xia and Shang civilisation. The Panlongcheng site wasthe epitome of a civilised state in the Jianghan area during that period.



盘龙城

Panlongchengsite



1954年，武汉遭特大洪水，人们在黄陂盘龙城防汛取土时发现了墓葬和青铜器。湖北省文物考古工作者根据1932出版的地图确认出土文物的地点是商代“盘土城”。该城即被列为湖北省第一批省级文物保护单位。1975年湖北省博物馆正式建立盘龙城考古工作站。经过多年的考古发掘，在盘龙城发现了上古城垣、大型宫殿基址、高级贵族墓葬、手工作坊等大批重要考古遗迹，还出土了大量青铜器、玉器等珍贵遗物，其文化面貌与中原地区的商王朝大体相同。1988年被国务院公布为第三批全国重点文物保护单位。

In 1954, Wuhan was hit by a catastrophic flood. When people took soil from Panlongcheng in Huangpi County to control the flood, they discovered some ancient tombs and bronze. According to a map published in 1932, the antiquarians and archaeologists of Hubei Province identified the location of unearthed cultural relics as 'Pantu City' of the Shangdynasty. This city was included on the first listof provincial-level cultural relics protection units in Hubei Province. In 1975, the HBPM officially established the Panlongcheng Archaeological Workstation. After years of excavations, a large number of important archaeologicalsites, such as the ancient city walls, foundations of large palaces, tombs of high-ranking aristocratsand handicraft workshops, were discovered atthe Panlong Site,and agreat many precious relics such as bronze and jade articles were unearthed. The cultural features reflected in these sites and relics are roughly the same as those of the Shang dynasty on the Central Plains. In 1988, the State Council included the Panlongcheng site on the third list of national key cultural relics protection units.

遗址本体 图/盘龙城遗址博物院

盘龙城遗址位于武汉市之北约5公里的黄陂区盘龙湖畔，整个遗址由夯土城址及周边相关遗址构成，总面积逾1平方公里。盘龙城城址平面近方形，面积约7.5万平方米。城址四周建有随地势起伏的夯土城墙，其外有环形壕沟。城内东北部高地上建有大型宫殿建筑群。城外四周分布有大量商代遗存，包括一般居址区、手工业作坊区和墓葬区等。

The Panlongcheng site, located byPanlong Lake in Huangpi District, is about five kilometres north of downtown Wuhan. The entire site consists of a city of rammed earth and surrounding ruins, covering more than one square kilometre in total. The city is roughly square and covers about 75,000 square metres. It is surrounded by a ring of moats and rammed earth walls that undulate with the terrain. A large palace complex sprawls over a high ground in the northeast of the city.Around the city are scattered many remains of the Shang dynasty, including a general residential area, a handicraft workshop area and a burial area.







图/盘龙城遗址博物院



盘龙城的建筑技术、青铜工艺、埋葬习俗、玉器风格、陶器特征等都与二里岗上层文化一致。可能是商人为开发南方、获取资源而在长江中游建立的一个方国。种种迹象表明，盘龙城既是商王朝设于南方的军事重镇，也是其获取南方矿产资源的重要基地，甚至一度成为江汉地区的区域政治中心。从此长江流域与黄河流域的文明在这里交汇融合。盘龙城遗址的发现，首次证实商朝势力到达长江中游地区，不但对研究我省的古代历史意义重大，而且对研究我国古代文明、商朝的“南土”、我国古代南北方的交流等方面都有着重要价值。

The architectural technology, bronze craftsmanship, burial customs, jade ware style and pottery features of Panlongcheng are consistent with those of the upper stratum of Erligang culture. Panlongcheng could be a Fang state established by merchants in the middle reaches of the Yangtze as a base for developing the south and obtaining resources. There are indications that Panlongcheng was not only a southern strategic military post of the Shang dynasty, but also an important base for securing mineral resources in the south. For some time, it even acted as a political centre of the Jianghan area. Ever since then, the civilisations of the Yangtze River Basin and the Yellow River Basin were merged here. The discovery of the Panlongcheng site confirmed for the first time that the power of the Shang dynasty had reached the middle reaches of the Yangtze. It is not only of great significance for studying the ancient history of our province, but also of great value for studying ancient Chinese civilisation, the 'southern land' of the Shang dynasty and the ancient exchanges between southern and northern China.



商代青铜器

Bronze objects of the Shang dynasty



盘龙城遗址不但发现了商代的城址，还发现了大量商代青铜器。出土的青铜器有400余件，是出土青铜器最多的商代遗址。商代青铜器与中原的同期同类器物相比，风格和特征相同，同属于一个文化系列。

On the Panlongcheng Site,archaeologists discovered not only a walled city but also a great many pieces of bronze from the Shang dynasty. The site has produced more than 400 bronze artefacts, ranking first among all sites of the same period. These artefacts share the same style and characteristics with the bronzeof the same period from the Central Plains, so they belong to the same cultural series.





图/盘龙城遗址博物院



青铜鼎

Bronze Dingtripod



商早期。1989年武汉市黄陂区盘龙城杨家湾11号墓出土。复原高85厘米，口径55厘米。青铜鼎为折沿，立耳，深腹。颈部饕餮纹由细线云纹构成，饕餮目方形凸起。这件青铜鼎为商代早期最大青铜圆鼎。鼎是古代炊具，用来蒸煮或盛放鱼、肉的。在商周奴隶制社会里，鼎也是统治阶级权力的象征。铜鼎由新石器时代陶鼎发展而来，它的形状因时代而异，是考古学断定年代的重要依据之一。

This bronze Ding tripod dates back to the early Shang dynasty. It was unearthed in 1989 from Yangjiawan M11 ofthe Panlongcheng site in Huangpi District, Wuhan City. Restored, it is 85centimetrestall, and its mouth is 55centimetres in diameter.Itfeatures a folded edge, upright ears and a deep belly. The Taotie patterns around its neck are composed of thin-linedcloud patterns, and the Taotieeyes are square and raised. This artefact is the largest round bronze Dingtripodofthe early Shang dynasty. Dingtripods are ancient vessels for steaming, cooking or holding fish or meat. In the societies of Shang and Zhoudynasty slaves, Dingtripodswerealso asymbol of the ruling class's power. Bronze Ding tripods had developed from pottery Ding tripods of the Neolithic Age. Their shapes vary from dynasty to dynasty, so they are an important basis for archaeological dating.



青铜尊

Bronze Zunpot





铜尊 杨家湾7号墓 图/盘龙城遗址博物院



商早期。1980年武汉市黄陂区盘龙城杨家湾7号墓出土。高25厘米，口径20.8厘米。颈、圈足饰凸弦纹，肩部饰三组细线无目夔纹及凸弦纹、连珠纹，腹部饕餮纹由三列细线夔纹构成。圈足上有三个“十”字镂孔。商代储酒器主要有尊、罍、卣、方彝、瓿、壶等。尊常与卣配套使用以示尊贵。该青铜尊为盘龙城遗址晚期器物，纹饰较早期细密。

This bronze Zunpot dates back to the early Shang dynasty. It was unearthed in 1980 from Yangjiawan M7 of the Panlongcheng site in Huangpi District, Wuhan City. It is 25 centimetres tall, and its mouth is 20.8 centimetres in diameter. Its neck and ring foot are decorated with convex bowstring patterns.Its shoulder is decorated with three sets of thin-linedeyeless Kui (a mythicalone-legged animal) patterns, convex bowstring patterns and linked-pearl patterns. The Taotie patterns around its belly are composed of three rows of thin-lined Kui patterns. There are three cross-shapedholes on the ring foot. The wine storage vessels of the Shang dynasty mainly included theZun,Lei, You,Fangyi,Bu and Hu. TheZun and Youurns were often used together to show nobility. This bronze Zunpot is an artefact of the late stage of thePanlongcheng site, and it is more meticulously decorated than the Zun pots of the early stage.



青铜爵

BronzeJuecups



商早期。1974年武汉市黄陂区盘龙城李家嘴1号墓出土。左边一件通高17厘米。器身正面饰饕餮纹，饕餮目方形凸起，足饰卷云纹，两侧为无目夔纹。右边一件通高20.1厘米。伞状柱纽上饰云纹。饕餮目似“臣”字，眼睛凸起，身、足饰卷云纹。铜爵是商代常见器物之一，是古人饮酒的酒杯。商周奴隶主阶级饮酒用杯，有严格的制度规定。《礼记·乡饮酒义》中说：“非专为饮食也，此先礼而后财之义也。先礼而后财，则民作敬让而不争矣。”当时使用这种铜爵杯饮酒，并不是专为饮食，而着重于“礼”，所以它是一种庄重的礼器。

These bronze Juecups date back to the early Shang dynasty. They were unearthed in 1974 from Lijiazui M1 of the Panlongcheng site in Huangpi District, Wuhan City. The left one is 17 centimetres tall. Its front side is decorated with Taotie patterns, and the Taotie eyes are square and raised.Its feet are decorated with rolling cloud patterns, and its two sides are decorated with eyeless Kui patterns. The right one is 20.1 centimetres tall. Its umbrella-shaped pegs are decorated with cloud patterns. The Taotie eyes are raised and seem to bethe characters for 'minister'.Its body and feet are decorated with rolling cloud patterns. Bronze Jue cups were commonly used for drinking inthe Shang dynasty. In the Shang and Zhou dynasties, the slave owners followed a strict system in the use of drinking cups. According to LiJi (the 'Book of rites'),'Xiang YinJiu Yi[or Juecups]are used not merely for the purpose of eating and drinking, and the idea is to give ceremony first place and wealth last. If ceremony is given first place and wealth last, people become respectful and yielding and are not contentious with one another.'Bronze Jue cups were used for the purpose of not just drinking but also rites, so they were considered as ritual vessels.



青铜斝

Bronze Jiacups





铜斝 李家嘴2号墓 图/盘龙城遗址博物院



商早期。1974年武汉市黄陂区盘龙城李家嘴2号墓出土。通高32厘米，口径22厘米。大侈口束颈，口沿立二菌状柱，平底，三棱尖锥空足，器身饰夔纹。斝与爵配合使用，斝向爵内注酒，并兼作温酒器。《礼记·礼器》记载：“尊者献以爵，卑者献以散。”散就是斝。

These bronze Jia cups date back to the early Shang dynasty. They were unearthed in 1974 from Lijiazui M2 of the Panlongcheng site in Huangpi District, Wuhan City.They are 32 centimetres tall and have amouth diameter of 22 centimetres.They feature wide flared mouths, contracted necksand two mushroom-shaped pegs on the edge.They have flat bottoms, andtheir feet are hollow, pointed and three-sided.Their bodies are decorated with Kuipatterns. Jia cups were used to pour wine into Jue cups, and they were also used towarm the wine. According to 'Li Qi' ('Utensils of Rites') within the Li Qi ('Book of rites'),'The highest in rank presented a Jue [of spirits to the dead], and the lowest, a San.' ASanis a Jia cup (containing five times as muchas a Jue cup).



青铜觚

Bronze Gu cup





图/商代青铜带鋬觚形器



商早期。1974年武汉市黄陂区盘龙城李家嘴1号墓出土。高16.8厘米，口径12.6厘米。腰部饰弦纹，腹部饰镂孔雷纹，在早商同类器物中罕见。青铜觚、爵、斝为商代最基本的礼器组合。

This bronze Gu cup dates back to the early Shang dynasty. It was unearthed in 1974 from Lijiazui M1 of the Panlongcheng site in Huangpi District, Wuhan City.It is 16.8 centimetres tall, and its mouth is 12.6 centimetres in diameter. Its waist is decorated with bowstring patterns, and its belly,hollowed-out thunderpatterns.Such patterns are rarelyseen in similar articles of the early Shang dynasty. Bronze Gu, Jueand Jia cups were the basic combination of ritual vesselsin the Shang dynasty.



青铜盉

Bronze Hepot



商早期。1974年武汉市黄陂区盘龙城李家嘴2号墓出土。通高36厘米。这件铜盉，形状别致，上半部分为艺术的形象，似猫头鹰，又略像茶壶，但流嘴却铸在盖顶一侧的凹槽间，流嘴两旁盖顶上饰有鸟的眼睛，盖顶的另一侧有长方形口，盖与器身口铸在一起，并不能揭开。筒状器身的下部为空心的3个锥状足，考古上称为分裆款足，器身侧有一提把。器身上部表面铸一周纹饰图案，腹部饰饕餮纹，侧面为夔纹。青铜盉最早见于夏代晚期，早期的流置于顶上，晚期的有提梁。

This bronze Hepotdates back to the early Shang dynasty. It was unearthed in 1974 from Lijiazui M2 of the Panlongcheng site in Huangpi District, Wuhan City. It is 36 centimetres tall and is uniquely shaped. Its upper part is an artistic image and resembles an owl.It somewhat looks like a teapot, but the spout is cast in a groove on one side of the lid. On both sides of the spout, the lid is decorated with bird eyes. On the other side of the lid isa rectangular opening.The lid cannot be lifted but is cast together with the body. Below the tubular body arethree hollow cone-shaped feet, which are called split-hollow feet in archaeology.The vessel has a handle on one side. Its upper part is cast with a ring of ornamental patterns.The belly is decorated with Taotie patterns, and the two sides,Kui patterns. When bronzeHepotsfirst emerged in the late Xia dynasty,they had a spout on top of the lid, and later, they had a hoop handle.

商周时期的铜盉，一般认为是盛酒器或温酒器，也有说是调和酒、水的器具。根据它的形状，下部分裆款足，与当时流行的炊器鬲底部相同，可见它是可以炊煮加温的，而酒与水的互相调和也需要加温炊煮。因此，铜盉应为一种既可温酒，又可以盛水以调和酒味浓淡的器皿。

It is generally believed that the bronze Hepots of theShang and Zhou dynasties were used to hold or warm wine, and some people argue that they were used for blending wine and water. Their shape and the split hollow feet in the lower part remind people of the then commonly used Li pots,so they could have been used forboiling and warming.Even when wine and water were blended, they still required boiling and warming. Therefore, the bronze Hepot could be a wine vesselfor both warming wine and blending it with water to make it weaker.



青铜卣

Bronze Youurn





铜提梁卣 李家嘴1号墓 图/盘龙城遗址博物院



商早期。1974年武汉市黄陂区盘龙城李家嘴1号墓出土。通高31厘米，口径7.2厘米，底径12.5厘米。圆腹，颈较长，提梁把作绳索状，盖纽与提梁有菱形环链连接。盖顶饰夔纹、联珠纹，器身饰凸弦纹、夔纹、饕餮纹，饕餮纹带上下界以联珠纹。根据文献记载，铜卣并不是一般的盛酒器，而是在神圣的祭祀活动中专门用来盛特制香酒的高贵礼器。这件青铜卣是目前考古发现商代铜卣中最早的一件。

This bronze You urn dates back to the early Shang dynasty. It was unearthed in 1974 from Lijiazui M1 of the Panlongcheng site in Huangpi District, Wuhan City.It is 31 centimetres talland has amouth diameter of 7.2 centimetresand a bottom diameter of 12.5 centimetres.It features around belly, a longneckand a rope-like hoop handle.The lid and the hoop handle are connected by a chain of diamond-shaped links. The top of the lid is decorated with Kuiandlinked-pearl patterns. The body is decorated with convex bowstring, Kuiand Taotie patterns. The band of Taotie patterns are bordered with linked-pearl patterns at the top and the bottom. According to historical records, bronze You urns were not ordinary wine vessels but noble ritual vessels used to hold special aromatic wineonsacred sacrificial occasions. This artefact is the earliest bronze You urn of the Shang dynastyever discovered in archaeological excavations.



铜簋

Bronze Guipot





铜簋 李家嘴2号墓 图/盘龙城遗址博物院



商早期。1974年武汉市黄陂区盘龙城李家嘴2号墓出土。高23.8厘米，口径23.8厘米。器身饰弦纹、饕餮纹，饕餮目方形凸起。足部有三个“凸”字形镂孔。簋是盛放饭食如黍、稷、稻、粱等的器具，也是和鼎配合使用的重要礼器。盘龙城出土的青铜簋是目前发现最早的商代青铜簋。

This bronze Gui pot dates back to the early Shang dynasty. It was unearthed in 1974 from Lijiazui M2 of the Panlongcheng site in Huangpi District, Wuhan City. It is 23.8 centimetres tall and has a mouth diameter of 23.8 centimetres.The body is decorated with bowstring patterns and Taotie patterns, and the Taotie eyes are square and raised. On the ring foot are three T-shapedholes.Gui pots were used to hold cooked grains such as rice, millet, glutinous millet and broomcorn millet. They were also important ritual vessels to be used together with Ding tripods. The bronze Guipotunearthed from the Panlongcheng site is the earliest such artefact of the Shang dynasty discovered so far.


铜甗

Bronze Yan pot





铜甗 李家嘴2号墓 图/盘龙城遗址博物院



商早期。1974年武汉市黄陂区盘龙城李家嘴2号墓出土。高36厘米，口径22厘米。铜甗颈部饰细弦夔纹，三组，每组一夔。腹、裆部饰双线人字纹。甗是我国古代流行的一种蒸煮炊具，分上下两部分，上部是透底的甑，底有箅孔以通蒸汽，下部为煮水之鬲。这件铜甗是目前考古发现商代最早的铜甗。从甗的考古发现可以看出，我国隔水蒸煮的烹调技术，早在4000年前就已有。

This bronze Yanpot dates back to the early Shang dynasty. It was unearthed in 1974 from Lijiazui M2 of the Panlongcheng site in Huangpi District, Wuhan City. It is 36 centimetres tall, and its mouth is 22 centimetres in diameter. Its neckis decorated with three groups of thin-line Kuipatterns, and each group depicts one Kui. Its belly and crotches are decorated with double-line herring bone patterns. In ancient China, Yan pots were commonly used for steaming and boiling food. A Yan pot has an upper part and a lower part. The upper part is aZengpot with a grated bottom through which steam can pass, and the lower part is a Li pot for boilingwater. This bronze Yan pot is the earliest such artefact of the Shang dynasty discovered so far. The Yan pots discovered in archaeological excavations show that the non-water-contacting steaming method already existed in Chinaas early as 4,000 years ago.



铜鬲

Bronze Lipot





铜鬲 李家嘴2号墓 图/盘龙城遗址博物院



商早期。1974年武汉市黄陂区盘龙城李家嘴1号墓出土。通高17.4厘米、口径13.2厘米。铜鬲颈部饰细线夔纹，腹裆部饰凸人字形纹。鬲相当于煮饭的锅，鬲与鼎相似，区别在于足部，鼎的足是实心，鬲的足是空心。铜鬲虽是一种炊煮器，但它也属于礼器，是当时贵族们在宴飨、祭祀等重要活动中使用的礼器。

This bronze Li pot dates back to the early Shang dynasty. It was unearthed in 1974 from Lijiazui M1 of the Panlongcheng site in Huangpi District, Wuhan City.It is 17.4 centimetres tall, and its mouth is 13.2 centimetres in diameter.Its neck is decorated with thin-line Kui patterns, and its belly and crotches, herringbone patterns.Lipots, used for cooking,are similar to Dingtripods. Their difference lies in the feet:Ding tripod shave solid feet whileLi potshave hollow feet. Bronze Lipots were used for cooking, but they were also ritual vessels used by the aristocratson important occasions such as banquets and sacrificial ceremonies.



铜钺

Bronze Yue axe





铜钺 李家嘴2号墓 图/盘龙城遗址博物院



商早期。1974年武汉市黄陂区盘龙城李家嘴2号墓出土。通长41.4厘米，刃部宽26.7厘米。平肩，弧刃，中间一个圆形孔。肩部两侧各有一对称的长方形穿孔。肩上饰夔纹，两侧饰夔纹和蝉纹。钺为砍杀兵器，亦可为刑具，是权力的象征。青铜钺最早见于夏代晚期，沿用至战国时期。像这样厚实庄重的商代大铜钺，全国极为少见。

This bronze Yue axe dates back to the early Shang dynasty. It was unearthed in 1974 from Lijiazui M2 of the Panlongcheng site in Huangpi District, Wuhan City. It is 41.4 centimetres long,and its blade is 26.7 centimetres wide.It has flat shoulders and a curved edge, with a circular hole in the middle and two symmetrical rectangular openingsin the shoulders. Its shoulders are decorated with Kui patterns, and its two sides are decorated with Kui and cicada patterns. Yue axes are slashing weapons as well as instruments of torture. They were a symbol of power. Bronze Yue axes first emerged in the late Xia dynasty and continued to be used in the Warring States Period. Such a big, solid and stately bronze Yue axe of the Shang dynasty is extremely rare throughout all of China.



铜面具

Bronzemask





铜面具 图/盘龙城遗址博物院



盘龙城采集。长18.5厘米，宽13.5厘米。此面具属于马面饰，这在商代还是第一次发现。从面具的功能来看，它的适用范围应该更加广泛。

This artefact was unearthed from the Panlongcheng site. It is 18.5 centimetres long and 13.5 centimetres wide. It is a horse maskfrom the Shang dynasty, something never encountered before.Judging from the functions of the mask, it should have a wider scope of application.



兽面纹青铜鼓

Animal face-shaped bronze drum





兽面纹青铜鼓 图/湖北文物



商晚期。1977年发现于湖北崇阳县。通高75.5厘米，鼓面径39.5厘米，重42.5公斤。由铜鼓身、铜鼓座和铜鼓冠三部分组成。鼓身横铸于长方形鼓座上，上部有弧凹形冠。圆形仿皮质鼓面无纹饰，鼓身、鼓座和鼓冠上均铸有商代后期流行的装饰纹样云雷纹和乳钉纹。这件铜鼓质地厚实古朴，造型奇伟庄重，花纹流畅粗放，代表了我国商代青铜工艺的制作特点与水平。

This animal face-shaped bronze drum dates back to the late Shang dynasty. It was discovered in 1977 in Chongyang County, Hubei Province. It weighs 42.5 kilograms and stands at 75.5 centimetres tall, and the drum faces are 39.5 centimetres in diameter. The bronze drum consists of a body, a base and a crest. The body is horizontally cast on a rectangular base, with aconcavearc-shaped crest at the top. The round imitation-leather drum faces are not decorated, and the body, base and crest are cast with decorative cloud and thunder patterns as well as breast nail patterns that were popular in the late Shang dynasty. This bronze drum is massy and of primitive simplicity.It isunique and stately in shape and features smooth and bold patterns, fully reflecting the level and characteristics of China's bronze craftsmanship in the Shang dynasty.

这件珍贵铜鼓的发现很偶然。1977年6月中旬，湖北崇阳县连降大雨，白霓公社安排村民去大市河边查看水灾，村民在河岸边稻田埂里发现了这件露出顶端的铜器。这几个村民经过三个多小时的挖掘把这件铜器挖出来，发现是件铜鼓。因为这件器物奇特，引起村民们围观，有人将此事报告给县文化馆。县文化馆工作人员发现铜鼓造型古朴，纹饰繁缛，实属罕见。于是前往大市做文物宣传和征集工作，铜鼓得到顺利征集。湖北省文物考古专家赶赴崇阳，初步断定铜鼓的铸造年代为殷商。随后，湖北省博物馆又派专家再赴现场，实地考察，并对铜鼓出土周边范围进行钻探，但没有发现古遗址和古墓葬痕迹。这件铜鼓的出现可能与殷遗民的的南迁有关。

This precious bronze drum was discovered by accident. In mid-June 1977, days of heavy rain hit Chongyang County of Hubei Province. InBaini Commune,several villagers were sent to check the flood situation by the Dashi River. On a rice paddy ridge, they saw the top of a bronze object exposed by the rain. It took them more thanthree hours to dig it out, and they found that it was a bronze drum. The uniquely shaped artefact attracted more villagers, and someone reported the matter to the County Cultural Centre. The staff members of the County Cultural Centresaw that the bronze drum was quaintly shaped and elaborately decorated and thought it was rare. After some publicity and persuasion, they collectedthe bronze drum from the villagers. The cultural relicsexperts and archaeologists of Hubei Province rushed to Chongyang and preliminarily identified the bronze drum as an artefact of the Shangdynasty. Later, experts from the HBPM arrived at the place of discovery and carefully explored the surrounding areas, but they found no traces of ancient ruins or tombs. This bronze drum might be related to the southward migration of the adherents of the Yin-Shang dynasty.

作为国内仅存的一件商代铜鼓，被湖北省博物馆收藏。这件兽面纹双面铜鼓是迄今所知最早、最大的一件仿木框皮面铜鼓。它填补了我国早期铜鼓的空白，为研究我国早期铜鼓提供了宝贵的实物，是一件极其难得的国宝。

As the only existing such artefact of the Shang dynasty in China, this double-sided, animal face-shaped bronze drumis collected by the HBPM. It is the earliest and largest imitation wood-framed and leather-faced bronze drum discovered so far. It has filled the blank of early bronze drums in Chinaand provided a valuable real object for the study of early Chinese bronze drums,so it is an extremely rare national treasure.


天兽御尊

Tianshouyi Zunpot





国家一级文物“天兽御”尊 图/湖北文物



商代晚期。1965年湖北武汉市汉阳沙帽山采集。高37.1厘米，口径26.4厘米，底径16.5厘米。御尊为容酒器，喇叭口，长颈，高圈足，大口筒状觚形。器表有三层花纹，云雷纹为地纹，颈部饰蕉叶纹，下方夔纹睁目回首，折卷长尾游浮于雷纹之上。微鼓的腹部及圈足上各有两组以突起的扉棱为兽鼻向两边展开的兽面纹，这两组兽面纹饰立于雷纹之上更显狰狞威严。圈足上部有两个对称的不透空“十”字形镂孔。器身从上至下起四条侈出口沿的扉棱。圈足内铸铭三字铭文“天兽御”，因此得名。也有专家将此铭文识为“曾”，当为商代曾国的重器。

This Zun pot, dating back to the late Shang dynasty,was collected in 1965 from Shamaoshan in Hanyang District, Wuhan City, Hubei Province. It is 37.1 centimetres tall and has a mouth diameter of 26.4 centimetresand a bottom diameter of 16.5 centimetres. The Zunpot was used to hold wine.It has a flared mouth, a long neck and a high ring foot and is tubular like a Gu pot. It is covered with three layers of patterns: cloud and thunder patterns for a background, banana leaf patterns for its neckand Kuipatterns with wide-open eyes and a squareshape at the bottom,acoiled long tail floating above the thunder patterns. Both the slightly bulging belly and the ring foot are decorated with two groups of animal face patterns that extend to both sides, with the protruding ridges as animalnoses. Against the thunder patterns, the two groups of animal face patterns look even more fierce and stately. There are two symmetrical cross-shaped holes in the upper part of the ring foot. Four protruding ridges run up the body till they extend beyond the edge. The three characters inscribed inside the ring root read Tian Shou Yi, hence the name. Some experts argue that the second character is not ShoubutZeng, the name of a state in the Shang dynasty.



大玉戈

Largejade dagger-axe





盘龙城大玉戈 图/湖北省博物馆社教部



商代。1974年武汉市黄陂区盘龙城李家嘴3号墓出土。长94厘米，宽11厘米。质地为蛇纹石。这是我国迄今发现商代最大的一件玉戈，堪称玉戈之王。这件大玉戈保存完好，是仿照铜戈样式琢磨而成的，长援短内，援作宽长条形，中脊起棱，两边刃，直内，前段有一圆圈，作按柲系缚之用。前锋薄而利，呈三角尖刀形，玉色为黄褐夹灰斑，通体琢磨精细，薄而扁，光润晶莹，制作十分精致。在当时没有动力机械的情况下，要将一块大玉石加工制作成这样长而薄的玉戈，如果没有丰富的玉器制作经验和高超的琢玉技能是不可能。大玉戈的制作有如此高的工艺水平，说明我国制玉工艺的历史十分悠久。

This jade dagger-axe, dating back to the Shang dynasty,was unearthedin 1974 from Lijiazui M3 of the Panlongcheng site in Huangpi District, Wuhan City. It is 94 centimetres long and 11 centimetres wide and is made of serpentinite. As the largest jade dagger-axe of the Shang dynasty ever discoveredin China,it is regarded as the king of jade dagger-axes. It is well preserved and wascarved and polished in the style of bronze dagger-axes. It has a long head and a shortshaft.The head is wide and long, with raised middle ridges and a two-sidededge.A ring in the front section of the shaft can be used for tying a string. The front edge isthin and sharp and is like a lance-shaped knife. The jade is tawny with grey spots. The dagger-axe body is finely polished and exquisitely made, being thin, flat, smooth and translucent. At that time, no power machinery was available.Without rich jade processing experience and superb jadecarving skills, it would be impossible to make a large piece of jade into such a long and thin jade dagger-axe. The excellent craftsmanship of the big jade dagger-axe shows that China has indeed had a very long history of jade production.

商周时期，视玉为宝成为当时社会风气，统治阶级往往把玉器视为权力、身份和财富的象征。《礼记正义》云：“古之君子必佩玉”“君子无故，玉不去身。君子于玉比德焉”。当时的“君子”佩戴玉器，以比喻纯洁、高尚和行德。玉器多少、形状大小，成为权力与财富的标志。盘龙城的这件大玉戈，形状属于武器，但其薄而狭长，表面光洁，刃锋无用痕，应是表示墓主人生前的权力与财富之物。它如此之大，说明墓主人生前的重要社会地位。

During the Shang and Zhou dynasties, jade was much valued, and the ruling class generally regarded jade objects as a symbol of power, status and wealth. According to LiJi ZhengYi (the 'Justice of rites'),'In olden times, jade was part of every gentleman's wardrobe,'and it is written in 'Yu Zao' ('Jade-Bead Pendants of the Royal Cap') ofLiJi (the 'Book of rites')that '[a] man of rank was never without a jade pendant, except for some sufficient reason; he regarded the pieces of jade as emblematic of virtues.' At that time, 'gentlemen' wore jade pendants as a symbol of purity, nobleness and virtue. One's power and wealth was measured by the number, shapes and sizes of his jade pendants. This big jade dagger-axe from Panlongcheng is shaped like a weapon, but it is thin, narrow, long and smooth, and it can be seen that the blade was never used.It should therefore be a symbol of the tomb owner's power and wealth. The big size indicates the high social status of the tomb owner in his lifetime.




编辑/楚小游
来源/

湖北文旅、湖北省博物馆

编发/湖北文旅





今日话题