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[国际新闻] 国家公祭日:从日本外务省“历史问答”浅谈日本暧昧二战认知

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发表于 2020-12-14 18:59 | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式
作者:asherhoa
今天是第七个南京大屠杀死难者国家公祭日,公祭的对象除了南京大屠杀死难者,还包括化学武器死难者、细菌战死难者、劳工死难者、慰安妇死难者、三光作战死难者、无差别轰炸死难者等二战中因日本侵华而死难的同胞。国家公祭日一方面体现了“前事不忘后事之师”的古训,令国人铭记历史,发愤图强;另一方面,恐怕也是为日本政府切实反省历史提供一定压力。然而,近年来日本政府官方在对待二战历史问题上越发暧昧,其表述闪烁其词,避重就轻,甚至充满了逻辑混乱。一个典型便是日本外务省(外交部)官方网站2018年推出的所谓“历史问答”(History Issues Q&A,一共8问)了。我在这里选取其中与南京大屠杀死难者国家公祭日关联较为密切的几个问答,简单梳理一下它们的乖谬之处。

完整的英文版问答读者可查阅以下地址:https://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/q_a/faq16.html#q8




日本外务省

一,与南京大屠杀直接相关的是第六问,原文如下:

Q6: What is the view of the Government of Japan on the incident known as the "Nanjing Incident"?

The Government of Japan believes that it cannot be denied that following the entrance of the Japanese Army into Nanjing in 1937, the killing of a large number of noncombatants, looting and other acts occurred. However, there are numerous theories as to the actual number of victims, and the Government of Japan believes it is difficult to determine which the correct number is.

The feelings of deep remorse and heartfelt apology for the actions during the war have been upheld consistently by the post-war Cabinets. Such feelings were expressed in the form of the Murayama Statement on the 50th anniversary of the end of the war, and those feelings of remorse and apology were also carried forth via the Koizumi Statement issued to commemorate the 60th anniversary.

Such feelings of remorse and apology articulated by previous Cabinets will be upheld as unshakable, which was made clear in the Statement by the Prime Minister issued on 14 August, 2015.

这段表述中最蹊跷的是我用黑体加粗的两部分。首先,日本官方对“南京大屠杀”的定性为“南京事件”(无论日语或英语均如此论述)。英语中Incident一词的含义比较中性,既可指小事情,也可指军事冲突、骚乱、事故等。相对应的,德国政府官方用于描述二战犹太人大屠杀的德语词是Holocaust,字面含义为“大屠杀”“大死难”。日方选择的词汇显然不是什么疏忽,明显有文过饰非的意味。

必须公平地说,日本政府官方的确没有否认南京大屠杀的存在。问答6的第一段中,讲到:“日本政府认为,不可否认的是,在1937年日军进入南京后,发生了大批非战斗人员被杀害、被抢劫和其他行为。”

令人无法理解的是这句话后紧接着的转折——“但是,关于受害人的实际人数有很多理论,日本政府认为很难确定确切的人数。

从逻辑上讲,这完全是画蛇添足的一句。因为日本政府是否承认南京大屠杀,是否要进行深刻反省和忏悔,与确切的人数毫无关系。虽然我方传统上使用“30万人”的数字,但因为历史条件原因,这样的数字只能是个大概。历史中实际数字不论少于30万或多于30万,都无法改变事件的本质。这就好比历史学家对二战中遭屠杀的犹太人确切数字也存在一定争议,通常采用的说法是“大约600万人”。假如某天某个历史学家研究出最终结果,比如,犹太人确切遇难数字是520万人,难道就能改变纳粹德国屠杀犹太人的历史了吗?德国政府的反省程度就需要调整了吗?

日本外务省的这套数字说辞,虽然含蓄,但给人的感觉仿佛是在认为中方夸大了数字,因此也夸大了事实。莫非日本政府不承认“南京大屠杀”,只承认“南京小屠杀”?岂不荒谬?




二,涉及到日本对二战罪行的赔偿问题,参见第三问和第四问:


Q3: What kind of reparations did Japan make to the countries and people who suffered during the previous war?

At the end of the Second World War, Japan dealt collectively with the issue of reparations, property and claims with the countries concerned. That was the method that was generally accepted by the international community at the time.

Specifically, Japan concluded the San Francisco Peace Treaty, bilateral peace treaties, agreements and instruments with countries concerned, and in accordance with them carried out payment of reparations and other items in good faith. In this way, issues of claims concerning the War have been legally settled with the countries of the parties to these treaties, agreements and instruments.

Q4: Although issues of reparations have been settled on a governmental level, are there not still outstanding issues concerning claims by individuals?

At the end of the Second World War, Japan dealt collectively with the issue of reparations, properties and claims with the countries concerned, simultaneously dealing with personal claims at that time. For example, under the terms of the San Francisco Peace Treaty, all claims of nationals of the Allied Powers and Japan to related countries and their nationals were waived.

In this way, issues of claims by individuals have been legally settled with the parties to the San Francisco Peace Treaty, bilateral treaties, agreements and instruments.

简而言之,日本外务省的态度是,随着1951年《旧金山和约》(Treaty of San Francisco)以及其他和约的签署,日本政府对国家间赔偿和个人赔偿,已经被合法地解决了。

这段文字看上去言之凿凿,其实却有偷换概念的嫌疑。

首先,《旧金山和约》共有49国签署,包括:

阿根廷、澳大利亚、比利时、玻利维亚、巴西、高棉、加拿大、斯里兰卡、智利、哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加、古巴、多米尼加、厄瓜多尔、埃及、萨尔瓦多、埃塞俄比亚、法国、希腊、危地马拉、海地、洪都拉斯、印尼、伊朗、伊拉克、老挝、黎巴嫩、利比里亚、卢森堡、墨西哥、荷兰、新西兰、尼加拉瓜、挪威、巴基斯坦、巴拿马、巴拉圭、秘鲁、菲律宾、沙特阿拉伯、叙利亚、土耳其、南非、英国、美国、乌拉圭、委内瑞拉、越南、日本。

细心的读者可能已经发现了,其中不包括中国,也不包括苏联、朝鲜、韩国等重要当事国。

既然中国等国并未参与签署,那么自然不能把《旧金山和约》当成一张万能的包袱皮,一切赔偿责任都包进去彻底清算干净。

我国在1972年的《中日联合声明》中,确实提出放弃对日本索要国家赔偿,但并不包括民间个人索赔。此外,如果日本政府已经解决了所有二战赔偿问题,为何2015年还会与韩国达成慰安妇道歉赔偿协议,并出资10亿日元建立慰安妇赔偿基金?




旧金山和约签署现场

三,对于国人经常提到的日本和德国相比,二战反省不彻底的问题,外务省的问答堪称匪夷所思:


Q8: Compared to Germany, are the measures taken by Japan on issues concerning its past insufficient?

Japan and Germany have both dealt with their "history issues" in good faith.

At the same time, the historical backgrounds of Germany and Japan differ completely, in terms of what happened during the Second World War and under what kind of postwar situation they engaged in postwar settlement. For example, Japan dealt collectively with the issue of reparations with the countries concerned in a manner that was generally accepted by the international community at the time, pursuant to the San Francisco Peace Treaty, treaties and instruments. On the other hand, the Government of Japan is aware that Germany took the approach of personal compensation as it could not deal collectively with countries concerning various issues including reparations as Japan did, since Germany was divided into East and West following the war.

In this way, Japan and Germany have dealt with postwar settlement by different approaches. Therefore, it is not appropriate to make a simple comparison and evaluation of the measures taken by the two countries.

简而言之,日本外务省在回答“与德国相比,日本在历史问题上采取的措施是否不够”时给出的理由居然是——因为二战后德国被分裂成了东西德两个国家,因此德国反省赔偿比较积极(包括对个人给予赔偿),而日本“有幸”只被美国占领没有分裂成南北日本,所以日本不需要做到德国那种程度。

外务省的结论是:德日两国国情不同,不可类比。

按照这种逻辑,1990年两德统一后,1971年西德总理威利·勃兰特在波兰著名的“华沙之跪”是否便没有意义了?德国统一后此前的赔偿、反省、道歉是否就作废了?

堂堂外务省话术如此低劣,如此推诿卸责,如何说服世界各国人民?



华沙之跪

四,如果上面几番问答已经足够刷新我对日本外务省的认知了的话,那么第7问堪称“神来之笔”:


Q7: What is the view of the Government of Japan on the International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE)?

The International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE) (also known as the Tokyo Trial) was a trial established by the Allied Powers after the Second World War to try Japanese Class A war criminals, where 28 people were prosecuted for charges, including crimes against peace and crimes against humanity. Of these, 25 were convicted, while the rest died of illness or were dismissed.

The Government of Japan acknowledges that there are various arguments regarding this judgment. However, Japan has accepted the judgment of the IMTFE under Article 11 of the San Francisco Peace Treaty. Therefore, in state to state relationship, the Government of Japan believes that it is in no position to raise any objections regarding this judgment.

问题7:日本政府对远东国际军事法庭(IMTFE)有何看法?

远东国际军事法庭(IMTFE)(也称东京审判)是第二次世界大战后盟国组建的对日本甲级战犯的审判庭,有28人被起诉,其中包括战争罪与反人道罪。其中,25人被定罪,其余死于疾病或被豁免。

日本政府承认,对于该判决存在各种争议。但是,日本已经接受了《旧金山和平条约》第11条所规定的IMTFE的判决。因此,在国与国之间的关系中,日本政府认为对这一判决不应持有异议。

如果说此前外务省的问答对中、韩、朝等国体现出一股傲慢的话,那么问答7出人意料地显现出,日本政府好像在历史问题方面,对亲密盟友美国“父亲”也存在一丝不满和幽怨。

众所周知,远东国际军事法庭是由时驻日盟军最高统帅、美国人麦克阿瑟将军于1946年下令组建的,法官来自美国、中国、英国、苏联、法国、加拿大、澳大利亚、荷兰、印度、新西兰、菲律宾11国。

日本外务省的言论,体现出日本政府一种矛盾的情结:一方面,日本还不敢公然挑战二战后的国际秩序,不敢为当年的战犯翻案;但另一方面,尽管法庭是美国“父亲”主持的,日本政府还是要表达“对于该判决存在各种争议”。至于原文所用acknowledge一词,到底翻译为“承认”“认知”,抑或是“认同”,就要看读者所处的位置了。

由此可见,目前日本政府在二战历史问题上,即便美国主导的事件,也不忘埋下“伏笔”,似乎要预设未来翻盘的种子?




远东国际军事法庭

日本外务省“历史问答”中还有部分涉及慰安妇等问题,因与今天的南京大屠杀死难者国家公祭日直接关联不大,这里便不赘述了。

总而言之,在特殊的日子里看完这8条问答,我还真有些心潮起伏。

平心而论,日本政府历年来有没有为二战中侵略罪行道歉?的确是有,例如1995年著名的村山富市首相之《村山谈话》。日本政府有没有对受害国进行赔偿或补偿?的确是有。包括中国,虽然我国放弃了国家赔偿,但从1980年至2008年的“日本对华政府开发援助”(即日本对华ODA),累计为我国提供了约合500亿美元的低息日元贷款、赠款和技术援助——在上个世纪80-90年代我国外汇储备并不宽裕的时期,这些援助(主要为低息贷款,注意并不等同于战争赔偿)客观上也起了不小的作用。中国人民自然看在眼里。

然而,日本政府的所谓道歉和赔偿,与德国政府相比,总是喜欢“打个折扣”。就像这篇外务省的问答一样,处处埋伏笔,处处小聪明,偷换概念,推卸责任,冠冕堂皇之下,却流露出一种怯懦和傲慢。我个人的确相信,中日之间,终究会实现真正的和解与正常化。就像英法、德法之间存在数百年历史恩怨,如今也已云淡风轻一样。不过,若日本政府不改弦更张,不彻底、主动、勇敢地去解决历史遗留问题,那么,其“历史问答”中第二问提到的“我们决不能让与这场战争无关的后代注定道歉”就永远是痴人说梦。届时,只能依靠中国强过日本数倍的软硬实力,去迫使日本认清形势,让东亚回归历史上的常态格局。相信绝大多数国人在有生之年,都能见证这一日的到来。

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